The Cuban Missile Crisis The Bay Of Pigs Invasion

Proceeding to the Cuban Missile Crisis, American relationships with Castro were previously tense by the Bay of Pigs invasion (1961) where the United States made an unorthodox action towards Cuba by financing and sending insurgent Cubans to help aid in overthrowing and attacking Castro’s supporters and Castro himself0000000. The Bay of Pigs was unsuccessful. This eventual lead to Castro’s joining with communist Soviet Union and leaving Castro cautious of American plans for Cuba. Castro’s suspicions turned out to be true in 1962 when Castro’s intelligence had notice signs of U.S. actions connected to be Operation Mongoose, a new American attack. â€Å"It was under these circumstances that [Cuban officials] informed the Soviet Union that [they] were concerned about a direct invasion of Cuba by the United States and that [they] were thinking about how to step up [their] country’s ability to resist an attack†. Khrushchev retorted by bearing in mi nd the proposal of defending Cuba by â€Å"installing missile with nuclear warheads in Cuba without letting the United States find out until it was too late do anything about them.† Fidel Castro accepted the offer; Soviet Union thus began to install the nuclear missiles. The Crisis began in October 1962 when American had gotten some information about the nuclear missile the Soviet Union had placed in Cuba. Internationally, the Crisis started on October 22nd, 1962 when President John F. Kennedy publicized in a televised broadcast that the U.S. hadShow MoreRelatedHow Did The Bay Of Pigs Invasion And The Cuban Missile Crisis Affect The Cold War3334 Words   |  14 Pagesother countries empower today in their militaries. For this research paper the focus will primarily be on the United States, the Soviet Union, and Cuba. The aim of this paper is to answer the research question of â€Å"How did the Bay of Pigs Invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis affect the Cold War and the 3 m ajor countries that participated in the war†? Both positive and negative effects of the war will be discussed and researched and at the end, there will be a final understanding of what truly occurredRead MoreThe Revolution Of The Cuban Revolution1559 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cuban revolution was the spark that ignited the flame of communism in Cuba. The developing nation gained independence only as recently as 1898, and was already filled with an atmosphere of distrust and resentment towards the United States. In July of 1953, a revolution began in Cuba between the United States backed President Batista and Fidel Castro. Fidel and his brother Raul Castro lead a series of guerilla warfare battles against the forces of President Batista. â€Å"I am Fidel Castro and we haveRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy s Decision Making Process1186 Words   |  5 Pagesdue to his infallible leadership and decision making skills. For this reason, I would like to investigate the extent to which John F. Kennedy’s decision-making process changed from the Bay of Pigs Invasion to the Cuban Missile crisis during his presidency. I chose the Bay of Pigs Invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis because the first is an event in John. F. Kennedy’s presidency before he gained experience from this job and the latter is an event from after he was acquainted with the presidential roleRead MoreWhat was the cause of the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis1495 Words   |  6 Pagesof the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis? The Cuban missile crisis is considered the closest time the world has ever come to nuclear war. There are many causes that led the world to such confrontation that was ultimately the product of the hostility and secrecy between the nations. As the world sat on the brink of mass destruction, all hope lied with Nikita Khrushchev and President Kennedy coming to a compromise. It is because of this that it is worth analysing the true cause of the crisis, or if it wasRead MoreCuban Missile Crisis : The End Of The World1647 Words   |  7 PagesTo most people, the Cuban missile crisis seemed like the start of an inevitable worldwide nuclear war. 1962 seemed like it was the end of the world for some, but somehow the United States was able to avoid a crisis evade an all out nuclear war with the U.S.S.R. The Cuban missile crisis can not be however, look at just in that timeframe. There are events including the Cuban Revolution that lead up to the United States losing their ties with Cuba. The Bay of Pigs invasion was an unsuccessful attemptRead MoreThe Bay Of Pigs And The Cuban Missile Crisis1516 Words   |  7 PagesThe Bay of Pigs invasion has come to be known as the perfect failure in American history. The invasion only lasted two days but the effects of the invasion lasted for decades. One of the most significant consequences of the Bay of Pigs was the thirteen day standoff between the Soviet Union and the United States over the installation of nuclear armed Soviet missiles on Cuba a year after the Bay of Pigs. The standoff, known as the Cuban Missile Crisis, is the closest the world has come to nuclearRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis : The Cold War1081 Words   |  5 Pageseyeball to eyeball, and I think the other fellow just blinked. ~ Secretary of State Dean Rusk (LaFeber, p. 422). This prominent line was uttered after the Poltava (Soviet ship conveying IRBM missiles to Cuba) turned away from its intended destination, which marked the end of the sinister Cuban Missile Crisis (â€Å"Bos†, pgh. 2). The Cold War was a perpetual state of political animosity entailing the employment of propaganda, ultimatums, and other nonviolent means, which existed between the two universalRead MoreEssay about The Cuban Missile Crisis756 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cuban Missile Crisis Between 1959 and 1962 relations between USA and Cuba deteriorated. Up until 1959, America had kept General Batista in power over Cuba and had strong links, especially in trade. Castro’s ascent to power in 1959 triggered the short-term events contributing to the Cuban Missile Crisis. The main cause of the Cuban Missile Crisis was the cold relationship between the two great superpowers: America and Russia. This hadRead MoreFidel Castro And The Cuban Revolution943 Words   |  4 PagesThe infamous Cuban dictator, Fidel Castro was born on a farm on August 13,1926 and he is currently 89 years old. He was the third child out of six. His full name was Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz Fidel Castro. He was not born into a poor family, his father Angel happened to be a very wealthy sugar plantation owner. At the time Cuba’s economy was not thriving, but Castro still grew up in wealthy conditions. He went to a private boarding school to receive his education. There he became a star studentRead MoreThe Presidential Issues of the Sixties and Seventies778 Words   |  3 PagesStates. Kennedy was a young man with a vision and he wanted to forge a New Frontier for the American people. During Kennedy’s time as President there were many issues that arose, such as, the construction of the Berlin Wall, the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cub an Missile Crisis, the Civil Rights Act, and the war in Vietnam. These issues merely started in the early sixties and continued throughout parts of the seventies. Not only did these issues affect President Kennedy but they also affected President

Allentown Materials Corporation - 1159 Words

The analysis of the Allentown Materials Corporation case study reveals a number of issues mostly related to the untimely death of a respected leader, the subsequent change in leadership, and also the management style of the newly appointed upper-level managers. This paradigm shift in operational management strategy is one of the root causes of the conflict between departments, absence of teamwork, and low morale. Additionally, radical changes are required to bring Allentown Materials Corporation into a new era of manufacturing and ensure their continued success in the marketplace. The willingness to change is critical in a manufacturing organization where the means of maintaining a competitive advantage change frequently. (ReVelle)†¦show more content†¦We can also make comparisons between Six Sigma and the different Japanese methodologies and draw a number of conclusions... Six Sigma addresses half of the revolutionary change required for Allentown Materials Corporation to remain competitive in the ever-changing manufacturing marketplace. The second component of the change required involves giving the entire organization a shared vision for the future which plays strongly on the core competencies of the Allentown Materials Corporation. The strength of Allentown Materials Corporation lies with its research and development, and manufacturing divisions. Part of this change will come about as Six Sigma is adapted and implemented at the Allentown Materials Corporation. Employees at all levels of the organization will recognize the potential benefits and rewards including increased job security, new opportunities with the company, and better performance evaluations and pay increases. Additionally, employees will be aware that if the company is deriving benefits from Six Sigma these benefits will eventually trickle down to them. (CIT) All of the new re wards and incentives will lend themselves to a shared vision within the company. One aspect of particular importance of the Six Sigma methodology will be the effect of training and teamwork on the various divisions. When a sense of teamwork is lacking the employees have a tendency to focus on the productivity of their particular department or division and failShow MoreRelatedAllentown Materials Corporation1805 Words   |  8 PagesRunning Head: ALLENTOWN MATERIALS CORPORATION Allentown Materials Corporation: The electronic products division Marà ­a Alejandra Ferrer Southern States University 1 ALLENTOWN MATERIALS CORPORATION 2 Abstract In July, 1992 Don Rogers, the Vice President and General Manager of the Electronics Products Division (EPD) at Allentown Materials Corporation found himself on a very difficult position. Conflicts related to leadership and cultural organization were blocking his administrationRead MoreAllentown Materials Corporation: the Electronic Products Division955 Words   |  4 PagesAllentown Materials Corporation: The Electronic Products Division A) Main organizational causes of EDP’s performance problems 1) Analyze the main changes occurred in EDP’s environment and explain how they impacted EDP’s strategic priorities. Allentown Materials Corp is a company with more tan a century with a steady growth and high reputation in the market by the end of the 80’s. A great deal of its success is based on a strong technological capability in the invention and manufactureRead MoreThe Cross-Functional Conflict and Coordination Problems of the EPD Division of Allentown Materials Corporation1101 Words   |  5 PagesThe EPD division of Allentown Materials Corporation has serious problems in cross-functional conflict and coordination. These issues hurt the division’s performance on new product development, service, morale, and decision making. Part of the reason for these issues could be due to declining market conditions and poor divisional performance but there seems to be fundamental organization problems. EPD markets have been shifting as a result of decline in military spending by government. The resultRead MoreMice In Mice1321 Words   |  6 Pages(Charles River, Wilmington, MA) were delivered to the animal facility during the last week of gestation. On postnatal days 1-21, NMS litters were removed and placed en masse into clean glass beakers, containing small amounts of their home cage bedding material, and held at 34 °C and 50% humidity for 3 hours7. Naà ¯ve mice were similarly born and housed, without handling outside of normal husbandry care, and all mice were weaned on P22 and caged with same-sex littermates. Exercise At four weeks of age, femaleRead MoreAllentown (Epd) Case Analysis7182 Words   |  29 Pagesstrategizing in a dynamic market There is a lot of conflict between groups, morale is low, and there is lack of mutual confidence and trust Sales new product decisions are historically made at a high level due to the required investment from Allentown Sales force was comprised of both young and inexperienced staff and older, long-servicing sales people; sales force working closely with manufacture customers and secured sales by talking to purchasing agents and design engineers to obtain contracts Read MoreFracking Transportation And Modeling : A Literature Review3710 Words   |  15 Pagesof other modes of transportation could reduce the pressure on the trucking industry. 2.2 Increasing safety Concerns Transportation safety has been a concern nationwide. Given the exponential increase in the volume of oil, gas and other fracking materials transported across the nation, incidents of spillage and other accidents have been on the rise. As Green Furchtgott-Roth (2013, p.v ) put it, â€Å"there is no perfectly risk-free way to transport oil, or anything else for that matter†. Some transportationRead MoreCase of the Unpopular Pay7381 Words   |  30 Pagesself-reinforcing are these ideas tbat you almost bave to avoid mainstream business to get away from them. Perhaps thats why several companies known to be strongly committed to managing through trust, mutual respect, and true decentralization-such as AES Corporation, Lincoln Electric, tbe Mens Wearbouse, the SAS Institute, ServiceMaster, Southwest Airlines, and Whole HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW May-June 1998 Foods Market-tend to avoid recruiting at conventional husiness schools. Theres one last factor thatRead MoreCobit Framework21120 Words   |  85 Pagesoffers technical and management conferences on five continents, as well as seminars worldwide to help professionals everywhere receive highquality continuing education. †¢ Its technical publishing area provides references and professional development materials to augment its distinguished selection of programmes and services. LATVIA LEBANON LIECHTENSTEIN LITHUANIA LUXEMBURG MALAYSIA MALTA MALAWI MAURITIUS MEXICO NAMIBIA NEPAL NETHERLANDS NEW GUINEA NEW ZEALAND NICARAGUA NIGERIA NORWAY OMAN PAKISTANRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pagesaccurately reflect a broader focus and to incorporate a deeper discussion on each topical chapter, with new materials, features, topics, examples, and insights. The fifth edition identified trends, updated discussion of research and theories, and was greatly expanded to include many more examples of practice in modern libraries and information centers. The sixth edition updated and expanded the materials contained in the previous five editions and discussed new thoughts and techniques as well as reemphasizedRead MoreCOMM292 Case Studies23202 Words   |  93 Pagesengineering from Penn State. During his undergraduate years, Delery was a member of the Penn State soccer club and the team won the national championship when he was a sophomore. Before business school, Delery worked for Air and Product Chemicals in Allentown, Pennsylvania. He was hired into the competitive Engineering Career Development Program consisting of three one-year rotational assignments in varying locations and functional roles. Being single, Delery embraced the social life of the school community

Essay On Working In The Workplace - 1385 Words

The case I am going to use was at the beginning of my working career. I had just started a new job at a wine bar, let’s call it Italiano’s. At this wine bar I was given the job of busser and bar back, about as low as you could get at the restaurant besides dishwasher. When I started this job I was a senior high school, which compared to my co-workers, was very young. Most of my co-workers were in their late twenties and thirties. Due to this age gap, I felt very immature and underpowered in the workplace. I felt like I had to follow everybody’s command because it was my first job and felt like I needed to be the perfect worker. There are two issues in this case that put pressure on me to act unethically or not speak up. First, at the†¦show more content†¦It got so bad that one employee had to be fired because they physically harmed another employee by shaking them with anger when they messed up. Due to the lack of supervision, many employees would take advantage of smoke breaks. Throughout the night employees would leave from time to time to go take smoke breaks. This is fine and common in the service industry as a way to relieve the stress of working on your feet for many hours of the day. Some employees would take 20-30 minute smoke breaks, which is way longer than any break should take. This affected me and the other servers that did not smoke because we had to make up for their missed work on top of the work we already had to do ourselves. The laziness and lack of care for the work they are doing led to a toxic work environment for everyone as well. When confronting one of the individuals, they told me to just pick up smoking so that I could also take long breaks throughout the night. That would temporarily fix my problem of unequal work but would not fix the restaurants problem of idle employees. These two issues put pressure on me to either join them by participating in the drinking and smoking or keep quiet by not telling my boss and let the toxicity continue. Analysis: To make a decision on how to proceed I need to make a pros and cons list of speaking up to my boss and a pros and cons list for staying quiet. The pros ofShow MoreRelatedThe Workplace of the Nineteen and Twentieth Century Were Drastically Different1508 Words   |  6 PagesThe workplace of the 19th and 20th century were drastically different. The goal of automation was replaced to achieve greater communication and cooperation (MacKenzie 1985). Today, the workplace is still changing. In this essay, I argue that the workplace has been affected by recent technological trends and these changes have made working conditions precarious and labour markets unstable. As the workplace of every industry is different and due to the limitations posed in this essay, I limit theRead MorePhilips Improvement to Job Analysis and Design1531 Words   |  6 Pagesand organizational performances. This essay is based on Philips’ changes in its workplace design in a factory. In the past, the factor ’s old operation line had generated poor employee and organizational performance such as low morale of employees, high rate of turnover, and poor quality control. While redesign its operation line, Philips has gained a high productive workforce, such as building self-management teams, enriching employee’s spirit life. This essay is based on Philips’ successful experienceRead MoreThe Scientific Management And The Bureaucracy Theory Essay1541 Words   |  7 Pagesfor modern organization and managers. There is no specific research area under the essay, as there has no enough information from one region to support the arguments listed in the report. In particular, it focuses on the effect of four principles of Taylor’s theory to modern companies. How bureaucracy and post-bureaucracy theory work in contemporary companies has been included as well. Another content of the essay is the weakness of two theories applying to today’s organization. A research aim toRead MoreWorking Men And Women For Countless Years Have Struggled1280 Words   |  6 PagesWorking men and women for countless years have struggled to find the balance between succeeding in their careers versus being an influential role in their children’s life. Differing careers have enabled various levels of success in being able to reach the epitome of parenthood and career ambitions. Anne-Marie Slaughter, author of â€Å"Why Women Still Can’t Have It All†, and Richard Dorment, author of â€Å"Why Men Still Can’t Have It All†, attempt to depict how working parents make sacrifices that ultimatelyRead MoreEmployee Relations And The Workplace956 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction ‘Employee relations’ is a term used to refer to a study of the rules, regulation, and agreements used to manage workers either as a collective group or as individuals (Leat, 2008, p. 3; Waiganjo Nge the, 2012). Conflict at the workplace is the inevitable issues that stem from interaction between employees and employers. On the other hand, a strike is an industrial action and a collective way in which employees voice their dispute once negotiations do not bear fruits. According toRead MoreThe And Human Relations Approach1110 Words   |  5 Pages This focus on efficiency and output led to Taylor developing the principles of SM (UK Essays, 2013). These principles drove the marked improvement in productivity that lead to what we know as the Industrial Revolution. A key assumption that SM Taylor made was that workers are only concerned about financial reward. This view probably doesn’t have a leg to stand on in today’s society, but at the time, working condi tions weren’t as generous as today’s, and the level of wealth was much lower thanRead MoreWomen Inequality in the workplace1189 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿INTRODUCTION This essay serves to look into the issue of women inequality in the workplace. This essay will explain the reason behind women equality in society and some of the disadvantages that women face in the workplace. Also, you will learn about the term â€Å"gender gap† which refers to the distribution of wages between men and women. It shows the difference in the pay between both genders in many career fields. Jobs and roles that women balance on a day to day basis soRead MoreAnalysis Of The New York Times By Ellen Ullman Essay1541 Words   |  7 PagesIn â€Å"How to be a ‘Woman Programmer,’† first published in The New York Times, Ellen Ullman argues that there is great prejudice against women in the workplace. Specifically, Ullman thinks that such prejudice exists in the deeper parts of the more technical fields such as computer programming. While encouraging women to avoid confronting men who show their prejudice against them, Ullman nevertheless points out the idea that women should stick to their passion for their work. For Ullman, it is the nextRead MoreOrganizational Success Is Increasingly Becoming Dependent On An Organization1627 Words   |  7 Pagesthe adoption of diversity management programs has been growing steadily due to the rate at which diversity is becoming prevalent and essential in the workplace (Simmons and Rowland, 2011). This essay critically e valuates and discusses organizational approaches to managing equality and diversity. 1.1 Purpose of essay The overall aim of this essay is to critically evaluate organizational approaches to managing equality and diversity. Snape and Redman (2001) stated that even among top and globalRead MoreOrganizational Misbehaviour Is Important For Modern Day Managers1487 Words   |  6 PagesThe purpose of this essay is to establish why the concept of organisational misbehaviour is important for modern-day managers, which is seen through two main themes of sexual harassment and whistle blowing. In this essay it will firstly define what organisational misbehaviour. Secondly is an analysis of sexual harassment and how it is part of organisation misbehaviour and following this is the second of the two themes that of whistleblowing and following this is why the concept of OMB important for

Blacks A Struggle for Racial Equality Essay Example For Students

Blacks: A Struggle for Racial Equality Essay Blacks: A Struggle for Racial EqualityAlmost everyone would like to have racial equality in the world today. It is often said that all people have been created equally.That is true,however sometimes not everybody is treated equally. In society, blacks arestill struggling for racial equality. We should note that in the 19401, blacks were not considered equal tothe whites. We see this in The Power of One . Blacks could not socialize withwhites. P.K. a young boxer asks the manager at the gym how he gets away withmixing blacks and whites. The manager says that outside the ring a black man isnot equal, inside he is but not in public, only in private. This clearlydemonstrates how blacks were not treated equally to whites in the 1940s. We also see this in society today. We are able to see how blacks arelooked upon when we examine a quote from The Runner , a novel by Cynthia Voigt. If theres one thing I cant tolerate Pete agreed its an uppity nigger.2 Wecan see that Bullet, a cross country runner is talking to a team-mate named Pete. It is indisputable that Pete has some antagonism towards blacks. He treatsthem with very little respect and uses the racist term nigger. This helps tojustify that blacks are treated with considerably less appreciation than otherraces of people. Let us also look at the fact that blacks are often socially outcastedbecause of their race. We see this in The Runner. Youre telling me you wontwork with him because hes a negro? Thats right.3 As we can see the aboveexert clearly shows how the black person was outcasted. Bullets coach askedhim to train with another person on the team but Bullet refused to train withhim because he is black. Another quote that shows how blacks are still in a struggle for racialequality is in short commentary, A Fair World for All by Dorothy CanfieldFisher:Suppose that you are in a market or food shop buyingthings to eat. Everybody is relaxed and easy, standingaround waiting for his turn to buy. All of a sudden a bigsnake crawls along the beam of the roof and drops downamongst the shoppers. You dont need anybody to tellyou how most of the crowd will scream and rush for thedoor4This was a perfect analogy used by the author to explain racial inequality. Ifthe snake was black, nobody would scream or run out but we can easily get themessage how we are sometimes narrow-minded towards people of other races. We are clearly able to see that blacks are still struggling for racialequality if we examine an exert from an article that compares blacks salariesto those of whites. Blacks-regardless of their academic credential or skills earn substantially less than their white counterparts. For each dollar earned by a white working fulltime,Asians made 82 cents, blacks averaged 74 cents5As we can see, the above quote clearly shows that blacks are still in thestruggle for racial equality. These statistics were put from a survey based on1989 wages and salaries. This helps to prove that blacks still have to strivefor equality. Therefore, in society blacks are still struggling for racial equality. In the 1940s, blacks were not considered equal. If we examine the generalpublic today, they have not made enough progress, they are sometimes sociallyoutcasts and they are also paid less that whites and Asians. If we all worktogether, we can put an end to the discrimination that exists today. .u1579c3ef27f19505f78a0cea4ee9f083 , .u1579c3ef27f19505f78a0cea4ee9f083 .postImageUrl , .u1579c3ef27f19505f78a0cea4ee9f083 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1579c3ef27f19505f78a0cea4ee9f083 , .u1579c3ef27f19505f78a0cea4ee9f083:hover , .u1579c3ef27f19505f78a0cea4ee9f083:visited , .u1579c3ef27f19505f78a0cea4ee9f083:active { border:0!important; } .u1579c3ef27f19505f78a0cea4ee9f083 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1579c3ef27f19505f78a0cea4ee9f083 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1579c3ef27f19505f78a0cea4ee9f083:active , .u1579c3ef27f19505f78a0cea4ee9f083:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1579c3ef27f19505f78a0cea4ee9f083 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1579c3ef27f19505f78a0cea4ee9f083 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1579c3ef27f19505f78a0cea4ee9f083 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1579c3ef27f19505f78a0cea4ee9f083 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1579c3ef27f19505f78a0cea4ee9f083:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1579c3ef27f19505f78a0cea4ee9f083 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1579c3ef27f19505f78a0cea4ee9f083 .u1579c3ef27f19505f78a0cea4ee9f083-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1579c3ef27f19505f78a0cea4ee9f083:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: We Learn About Ancient Civilizations Through Literature, Artifacts, An EssayENDNOTES1. The Power of One. Directed by Arnon Milchan, movie, colour. Screenplay byRobert Mark Kamen. 2. Cynthia, Voigt, The Runner (New York: Ballantine Books, 1985), p.573. Voigt.p.934. A Fair World for All in Colliers Junior Classics: Harvest of Holidays, ed. Ruth Weeden Stewart (New York: The Crowell Collier publishing company, 1962),p.278. 5. Author is anonymous, Blacks get Smaller Salary Payoff for Education,Califonia Study Reveals Jet, Feb. 1, 1993, p.29.